PHL 110. Philosophical Ideas:Reality, Knowledge, and the Good Life. 3 credits.

An exploration of philosophical ideas about the nature of reality, the scope of human knowledge, and the nature of a good human life through the study of primary philosophical texts. Students will study theories and concepts that philosophers of the Western tradition have used to explore these ideas.

PHL 111. Philosophical Ideas:Law. 3 credits.

An inquiry into the nature and purpose of the law in human society and the relationship between the law and reason. Students will analyze and evaluate a variety of Western philosophers' views about these subjects as they prepare to develop and defend their own views on the subjects.

PHL 112. Philosophical Ideas:Foundations of the Sciences. 3 credits.

This course will introduce students to the major philosophical frameworks and underlying philosophical concepts utilized in the sciences such as causality, chance, matter, unity, teleology, possibility, necessity, space, time, substance, and motion, but also the various powers of mind such as perception, understanding, reason, intuition, imagination, and creativity.

PHL 170. Slavery and Freedom. 3 credits.

A study of the nature of slavery, the nature of freedom, and the relationship between them through readings in classic texts of Western political thought and classic slave narratives. Satisfies: Magis Core: Critical Issues in Human Inquiry. CO: COM 101.

PHL 202. Informal Logic. 3 credits.

A practical study of argument and critical thinking, including an examination of how to recognize and evaluate arguments encountered in everyday media, and how to construct one's own arguments. Topics include: deduction, induction, validity, soundness, criticizing premises, clarifying meaning, uses of language, definition, conceptual theories, informal fallacies, conceptual analysis, causal arguments, analogical arguments, and normative arguments.

PHL 270. Philosophical Ethics. 3 credits.

A critical study of fundamental philosophical theories, including a utilitarian theory, a deontological theory, and a virtue ethics theory, about the nature and sources of moral obligation, moral virtue, justice, wisdom, and a good human life. Students will use these theories to evaluate critically their own ethical presuppositions and to form well-reasoned judgments about how to act in complex practical situations. P: One Magis Core Philosophical Ideas course.

PHL 271. Philosophical Ethics: Cortina Community. 3 credits. (Same as JPS 271)

This course is a component of the Cortina Community program. It is a critical study of fundamental philosophical theories, including a utilitarian theory, a deontological theory, and a virtue ethics theory, about the sources of moral obligation, moral virtue, justice, wisdom, and a good human life. Students will use these theories in conjunction with reflection on first-hand experience of serving others to evaluate critically their own ethical presuppositions and to form well-reasoned judgments about moral problems related to social justice. P: Membership in the Cortina Community and one Magis Core Philosophical Ideas course.

PHL 272. Philosophical Ethics: Poverty. 3 credits.

A critical study of fundamental philosophical theories, including a utilitarian theory, a deontological theory, and a virtue ethics theory, about the nature and sources of moral obligation, moral virtue, justice, wisdom, and a good human life. Students will use these theories to evaluate critically their own ethical presuppositions and to form well-reasoned judgments about complex practical problems related to poverty. P: One Magis Core Philosophical Ideas course.

PHL 275. Philosophical Ethics: Energy and Environment. 3 credits.

A critical study of fundamental philosophical theories, including a utilitarian theory, a deontological theory, and a virtue ethics theory, about the nature and sources of moral obligation, moral virtue, justice, wisdom, and a good human life. Students will use these theories to evaluate critically their own ethical presuppositions and to form well-reasoned judgments about how to act in complex practical situations, including the practical situation associated with different types of energy technologies and their impacts on the environment. P: One Magis Core Philosophical Ideas course.

PHL 295. Philosophy Internship. 1-3 credits.

Students will gain entry-level professional experience in a vocational field of their choice under the supervision of a professional in the field. Students will reflect on how they use their philosophical knowledge, skills, and virtues in this experience under faculty supervision. P: Philosophy major; sophomore standing; instructor consent.

PHL 300. Ultimate Questions: Spirituality/Philosophy. 3 credits.

This course offers a philosophical perspective on some basic spiritual themes including suffering, compassion, forgiveness, love, death and the nature of ultimate reality. Students will study contemporary and historical discussions of these ideas. They will also be challenged to develop their own position on fundamental spiritual and religious questions. P: One Magis Core Philosophical Ideas course, one Magis Core The Christian Tradition course, and one Magis Core The Biblical Tradition course.

PHL 320. Ultimate Questions: God and Persons. 3 credits.

This course examines, from the viewpoint of rational inquiry, questions concerning God (classic and contemporary arguments on the existence of God and contemporary atheism and agnosticism, the nature of God, approaches toward God, the problem of evil in the light of belief in God) and human personhood (freedom and determinism, human destiny, the meaning of human life). P: One Magis Core Philosophical Ideas course, One Magis Core The Christian Tradition course and One Magis Core The Biblical Tradition course.

PHL 321. Epistemology. 3 credits.

Advanced study of human knowledge. Examination of the sources of knowing in reason and sense, grounds for establishing the validity of claims to know, the relationships between various sciences and other methods and ways of knowing. P: Philosophical Ideas course.

PHL 324. Native American World View, Culture and Values. 3 credits. (Same as NAS 324)

This course takes a multidisciplinary approach to formulating the varieties of worldviews among Native groups with an emphasis on commonalities and uniqueness among different groups during different historical eras. The course begins by critically looking at reconstructions of Native worldviews in the pre European contact era as constructed by later Natives, anthropologists and ethno historians based on a variety of sources. The course focus on the many media through which Native cosmologies are expressed as well as the historical circumstances that have continued to transform Native cosmologies. P: Philosophical Ideas course.

PHL 325. The Ostracism Of God And Modern Atheism. 3 credits.

An examination of the historical origins, theoretical foundations, and internal logic of modern atheism. P: Philosophical Ideas course.

PHL 328. Philosophy of History. 3 credits.

Examination of some speculative theories about the direction of history from Plato to contemporary authors. Examination of the critical philosophy of history which considers the nature and status of historical knowledge and methods. P: Philosophical Ideas course.

PHL 331. Moral Philosophy. 3 credits.

Advanced study of contemporary ethical theories, significant features of the moral life, and applications of both to contemporary moral problems. Satisfies Magis Core Designated Ethics. P: Philosophical Ideas course, Ethics course.

PHL 332. World Philosophy. 3 credits.

This course looks at different global philosophical traditions - for example, Indian Philosophy, Chinese philosophy, Buddhist philosophy, African philosophy and Western philosophy - from a historical perspective. It considers seminal texts, such as the Upanishads, the Analects, the Daodeching and the Dhammapada; and it looks at comparative themes, such as nature, suffering, violence, human nature, and the meaning of life. P: Philosophical Ideas course.

PHL 333. Philosophy Of The Human Sciences. 3 credits.

Examination of the methodology of the human sciences (e.g., psychology, sociology, political science) and comparison of this methodology with that of the natural sciences. Examination of Continental and Anglo-American criticisms, phenomenological social sciences, hermeneutics, and critical theory. P: Philosophical Ideas course.

PHL 334. Philosophy Of The Natural Sciences. 3 credits.

Investigation of basic concepts in natural science and of the elements of scientific inquiry - law, theory, causality, probability, confirmation and disconfirmation, proof, and scientific change. The history of the natural sciences, especially of the scientific revolution of the 16th and 17th centuries, is used as the context for analyzing these concepts. P: Philosophical Ideas course.

PHL 340. Philosophy of Language. 3 credits.

Introduction to some fundamental philosophical problems related to language through the study of classic and contemporary works. Topics such as meaning, reference, truth, and the relationship between meaning and use will be addressed. Satisfies Magis Designated Technology. P: Philosophical Ideas course.

PHL 342. Metaphysics. 3 credits.

Advanced study of the philosophy of being, the most general study of reality and its constitutive parts; examination of traditional and contemporary positions on the existence and nature of God, the ultimate character of matter and mind, the nature of being and becoming. P: Philosophical Ideas course.

PHL 345. Philosophy for Children. 3 credits.

This course introduces a curriculum aimed at fostering creative and critical thinking for children. Philosophy begins in wonder. This course seeks to reawaken the sense of wonder and protects children's capacity of questioning. A careful examination on the issue from both the theory and practice of doing philosophy with children will be involved. P: Philosophical Ideas course.

PHL 348. Philosophy of Feminism. 3 credits.

An examination of a number of philosophical approaches, such as those rooted in existentialism, liberalism, and Marxism, to issues concerning gender. Topics from fields such as ethics, politics, philosophy of law, epistemology, and philosophy of science will be addressed. P: Philosophical Ideas course.

PHL 351. Introduction To Chinese Philosophy. 3 credits. (Same as THL 351)

Origin and development of Chinese philosophy. The basic doctrines and moral principles that the Chinese tradition holds. Different schools of Chinese philosophy, such as Confucianism, Daoism, and Moism. How Chinese philosophy has been practiced in daily life. The conflicts between Chinese tradition and modern China. P: Philosophical Ideas course.

PHL 353. Introduction to Buddhism. 3 credits. (Same as THL 353)

Origin and development of Buddhism's basic doctrines and beliefs. The different schools of Buddhist traditions, and the changes as Buddhism spread from India through China and Japan to the West. How Buddhist teachings are practiced in daily life. P: Philosophical Ideas course.

PHL 354. Environmental Ethics. 3 credits. (Same as EVS 354)

Critical study of the anthropocentrism-nonanthropocentrism debate and the individualism-holism debate and how they affect each other in the context of the determination of ecological value. If anthropocentrism is in some ways defective, what implications do these defects have for our moral obligations to animals, plants, waters, soil, future generations, species, ecosystems, and the planet? Satisfies Magis Core Designated Ethics. P: Philosophical Ideas course, Ethics course.

PHL 355. Science, Technology, and Values. 3 credits.

Investigation of ethical issues raised by science and technology in such areas as change of the environment, governmental control of population, restrictions on scientific research, technology assessment, work in a technological society, and genetic manipulation. Also, consideration of science and technology themselves as values, their dominance in our culture and some of the effects of that dominance on other values. P: Philosophical Ideas course.

PHL 356. Philosophy of Peace and War. 3 credits.

Examination of philosophical issues related to peace and war. Emphasis on an analysis of the traditional just war theory and on the more extreme alternatives of pacifism and the "war is hell" doctrine. P: Philosophical Ideas course.

PHL 358. Social And Political Philosophy. 3 credits.

Critical study of classical and contemporary theories concerning the nature and value of social and political institutions such as the state, the family, and civil society. Examination of the nature and application of political ideals such as justice, freedom, equality, and community. Satisfies Magis Core Designated Technology. P: Philosophical Ideas course.

PHL 359. History of Ethics. 3 credits.

Examination of the history of Western ethical theory from ancients to contemporary philosophers. Emphasis on primary sources. P: Philosophical Ideas course.

PHL 360. History of Medieval Ethics. 3 credits. (Same as CNE 360)

An investigation of mediaeval ethics, tracing its roots in classical antiquity and religious tradition, outlining its innovations, and outlining the ways in which it lays the foundations of modern ethics. P: Philosophical Ideas course, Ethics course.

PHL 365. Classics of Political Thought. 3 credits. (Same as PLS 365)

Critical readings of Plato, Aristotle, Machiavelli, Hobbes, Locke, and Marx, with emphasis on their contributions to contemporary political understanding. P: So. stdg.

PHL 367. American Philosophy. 3 credits. (Same as AMS 367)

Surveys some of the works of significant figures in philosophy in America, both past and present. Includes classical American philosophy as well as important individuals outside that tradition. Focuses primarily on metaphysical and epistemological themes. P: Philosophical Ideas.

PHL 368. Moral Psychology. 3 credits.

Moral psychology studies issues at the junction of psychology and moral philosophy. This course investigates the nature of motives, intentions, emotions, and choices and their role in explaining our acts. It also explores states of mind (such as negligence, love, and anger) that might render an agent more or less responsible for an act. Other topics for discussion include self-deception, ignorance, and omissions. P: Philosophical Ideas course.

PHL 370. History Of Ancient Western Philosophy. 3 credits. (Same as CNE 370)

Examination of the origins and development of Western philosophy in ancient Greece and Rome from the pre-Socratics to Hellenistic philosophy, with substantial study of the works of Plato and Aristotle. P: Philosophical Ideas course.

PHL 371. History of Hellenistic Philosophy. 3 credits. (Same as CNE 371)

Examination of the development of Western philosophy after Aristotle during the Hellenistic period in ancient Greece and imperial Rome. The study of Epicureanism (pleasure is the highest good), Stoicism (living in agreement with nature is the highest good), Skepticism (peace of mind is gained by suspending one's judgment on all dogmatic claims to truth), and Neo-Platonism. P: Philosophical Ideas course.

PHL 372. History of Medieval Philosophy. 3 credits. (Same as CNE 372)

Study of St. Augustine and the development of Scholasticism; the Arab commentators; the achievements of St. Thomas Aquinas; Duns Scotus; William of Ockham and the rise of nominalism. P: Philosophical Ideas course.

PHL 373. History of Modern Philosophy. 3 credits.

Study of the development of Western philosophy from Descartes through Kant (1600-1800); examination of the central figures of Continental rationalism and British Empiricism, and the critical philosophy of Kant. P: Philosophical Ideas course.

PHL 374. History of 19th-Century Philosophy. 3 credits.

Study of important nineteenth-century philosophers such as Hegel, Feuerbach, Marx, Comte, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, and Mill; themes include idealism, existentialism, Marxism, and utilitarianism. P: Philosophical Ideas course.

PHL 390. Philosophy of Law. 3 credits. (Same as PLS 390)

Using narratives, judicial decisions, and scholarly articles, this course examines philosophical problem related to law such as the nature of law itself and concepts such as responsibility, duty, liberty, rights, punishment, and justice. P: Philosophical Ideas course, Ethics course.

PHL 398. Introduction to Logic. 3 credits.

A formal study of reasoning and argument encountered in writing. Topics include: schematization of arguments, categorical logic, Venn diagrams, propositional logic, truth tables, inductive logic, validity, soundness, and forms of inference. P: Philosophical Ideas course.

PHL 399. Symbolic Logic. 3 credits.

Study of the historical development of logic; the nature of formal systems; truth tables; the method of deduction; propositional calculus; monadic and polyadic predicate logic and first order general predicate logic; axiomatics; introduction to set theory; metalogical problems. P: Philosophical Ideas course.

PHL 401. Themes in Contemporary Philosophy. 3 credits.

Examination of topics in philosophy as selected by the professor. Themes are chosen to highlight new developments in philosophy, contemporary expressions of traditional philosophical movements, or recent trends in specific philosophical traditions. Course will be subtitled in the Schedule of Courses. May be repeated to a limit of six hours. P: Philosophical Ideas course.

PHL 404. Bioethics and Society. 3 credits. (Same as HAP 404)

Bioethics and Society explores questions of ethics and social justice arising from present and emerging medical and biotechnologies, e.g. cloning, germline genetic engineering, and nanotechnology. Satisfies Magis Core Intersections and Designated Technology P: Critical Issues in Human Inquiry course. Sr. Stdg.

PHL 410. Stoicism. 3 credits. (Same as CNE 410)

Study of the philosophy originated by Zeno of Citium in the Stoa Poikile in Athens around 300 BCE and the influence of Stoicism in the history of Western philosophy. Investigation of the Stoic system of physics, logic, and ethics; the doctrines of naturalism, rationalism, fatalism, providence, cosmopolitanism, autarky, apatheia, and suicide. Possible topics include philosophy of mind, philosophy of language, freedom and determinism, and political philosophy. P: Philosophical Ideas course.

PHL 413. Philosophy and Literature. 3 credits.

Examination of philosophical concepts and issues crucial to understanding and appreciating works of great literature. Examination of philosophical themes within great literary works and/or literary aspects of important philosophical works. P: Philosophical Ideas course.

PHL 415. Thoreau and Environmentalism. 3 credits. (Same as AMS 415)

This course is a philosophical exploration of the relations among fiction, poetry and truth, in the context of reading one of the greatest classics of American literature, Henry David Thoreau's Walden. P: One Magis Core Philosophical Ideas course or Soph. stdg.

PHL 420. Science and Religion. 3 credits.

This course explores the relationship between science and religion from three perspectives: philosophy of science, scientific theories, and theology. Issues to be studied include: reductionism vs. emergentism, the relationship between God and world (including creation and evolution), the Galileo affair, and Darwin and design. P: Philosophical Ideas.

PHL 422. Aesthetics. 3 credits.

Examination of fundamental questions concerning art: The origins of art; the aims and purposes of art; the evaluation of art; the notion of beauty; truth in art; censorship, pornography, and art; the value of art. P: Philosophical Ideas course.

PHL 424. Philosophy of Mind. 3 credits.

Advanced study of philosophical writings on the relation between mental states and concomitant brain states. Examination of this problem in terms of its history and cultural significance, the metaphysical and methodological assumptions of proposed solutions, and attempts to adjudicate meta-theoretic conflict among said proposals. P: Philosophical Ideas course.

PHL 425. Sciences, Ethics & Society. 3 credits.

This course examines how values enter into science at various stages of practice, from the selection of problems to investigate and the ways in which evidence is evaluated to the ways in which science influences public policy and the ways in which science affects technology and our daily practices. P: Critical Issues in Human Inquiry course; Senior standing.

PHL 426. The Carceral State: Police Violence, Adjudication, and Mass Incarceration. 3 credits.

This course, on the carceral state, invites students to understand the three important answers to the question: what justifies punishment? It then invites them to explore this question in three sites: policing, judiciary, and within carceral structures such as jails and detention centers. Claims about systemic racial bias in all three sites will be investigated. A service learning component will take students to one of five community partners, and then be worked up at the end of the course as a final advocacy project. Satisfies Magis Core Intersections and Designated Ethics. P: Philosophical Ideas.

PHL 427. Food, Sex, and the Good Life. 3 credits.

In this course we will reflect philosophically and ethically upon two basic desires that human beings have in common with other animals: the desire for food and sexual desire. We will explore the distinctive ways that these desires are understood and pursued within our human form of life as rational, linguistic, meaning-seeking animals. We will especially consider how these desires are shaped by strong evaluative meanings such that they can be seen as part of a normatively higher, nobler, more meaningful way of life; in short, as part of 'the good life'. Satisfies Magis Core Intersections. P: Philosophical Ideas.

PHL 431. Topics in Moral Philosophy. 3 credits.

This course answers one of the most important questions raised by both western and non-western philosophers: What is the good life, or, what is the best kind of a human being can lead? P: Philosophical Ideas.

PHL 434. Philosophy of East Asian Literature and Film. 3 credits.

This course is a philosophical investigation into the moral values expressed in East Asian literature and film. Study of a wide range of master works will ground an examination of how Buddhism, Confucianism, and Daoism function in the lives of the peoples of eastern Asia. P: Philosophical Ideas.

PHL 436. Money and the Good Life. 3 credits.

This course explores the present default assumption that achieving a certain level of success in the going economy, together with standard psychological concomitants of that level of success, are sufficient for human happiness. P: Critical Issues in Human Inquiry; Senior Standing.

PHL 437. Literature, Philosophy and Economics: In Search of Economic Justice. 3 credits.

This course investigates the extent to which the application of principles of justice, fairness and reciprocity can be correlated with economic well-being, eudaemonia and sustainability, for agents involved in economic activity. While pointing to the harmful effects of competition, growth and profit as measurements of economic success wealth disparities, and the unbridled pursuit of self-interest, the course invites students to consider the economic value of cooperative division of labor, balanced co-existence with the environment and with other humans, fair exchange and just wealth distributions, and the taking into consideration of the well-being of others in economic decision-making. Ultimately, students in the course will be encouraged to consider whether and how justice in economic practices may be effectively constitutive of economic value and the only warrantor of the viability and sustainability of a good life. P: Critical Issues in Human Inquiry, Ethics, Contemporary Composition courses; Senior standing.

PHL 454. Environmental Philosophy. 3 credits. (Same as EVS 454)

Examination of a variety of theoretical approaches to philosophical issues concerning individual organisms, species, ecosystems, and the biosphere. Aesthetic, axiological, epistemological, and ontological issues may be addressed. P: Philosophical Ideas course.

PHL 455. Health Care, Society, And Values. 3 credits.

Philosophical examination of moral issues in medicine with emphasis on the social dimensions of health care and its delivery. Consideration of questions of justice, rights to health care, the social nature of health and disease, etc. P: One Philosophical Ideas course.

PHL 456. Public Health Ethics. 3 credits. (Same as HAP 456)

Lectures and small group discussions focus on ethical theory and current ethical issues in public health and health policy, including resource allocation, the use of summary measures of health, the right to health care, and conflicts between autonomy and health promotion efforts. Student evaluation based on class participation, a group project, and a paper evaluating ethical issues in the student's area of public health specialization. P: Philosophical Ideas course.

PHL 457. Biomedical Ethics: Philosophical and Theological Approaches. 3 credits. FA, SP, SU (Same as HAP 457, THL 457)

This course explores philosophical and theological ethical theories and analyzes and evaluates select issues in biomedicine and health care policy in light of those theories. Satisfies Magis Designated Ethics. P: Ethics course.

PHL 459. Marxism. 3 credits. (Same as GER 459, PLS 459)

In-depth study of the philosophical and political writing of Karl Marx, the historical evolution of Marxism, and its impact on contemporary thought. P: Philosophical Ideas course.

PHL 460. Humanity and the Concept of the Future. 3 credits.

This course examines the philosophical concept of time in relation to how one understands oneself as a member of a community that reaches back into the distant past and forward into the distant future, and the intergenerational ethical relations and obligations which emerge from the temporal and historical self-understanding. P: Philosophical Ideas course.

PHL 463. Phenomenology. 3 credits.

Examination of the central themes of phenomenology as a method and a movement, including the ideal of a presuppositionless philosophy, the thesis of the natural standpoint and phenomenological reduction, the method of imaginative or eidetic variation, the intuition of essences, and the concepts of intentionality, constitution, and the life-world. Emphasis on the major figures of phenomenology, including Husserl, Heidegger, Sartre, and Merleau-Ponty. P: Philosophical Ideas course.

PHL 464. Selected Topics in Ancient Philosophy. 3 credits. OD (Same as CNE 464)

Topic approach to selected problems or themes in ancient philosophy, or focus on an individual philosopher or school of philosophy. Course will be subtitled in the Schedule of Courses. P: Philosophical Ideas course.

PHL 465. American Pragmatism. 3 credits. (Same as AMS 465)

Examination and critical evaluation of the major works and themes of the American pragmatists: C. S. Peirce, William James, and John Dewey. Includes an examination of their relation to other philosophers. P: Philosophical Ideas course.

PHL 467. Existentialism. 3 credits.

Examination of major existentialist philosophies and themes including the works of Kierkegaard and Nietzsche; the development of twentieth-century existentialism; examination of the works of authors such as Heidegger, Jaspers, Marcel, Sartre, Buber, Camus, Unamuno. P: Philosophical Ideas course.

PHL 469. Contemporary Analytic Philosophy. 3 credits.

Survey of the 20th century analytic movement including the thought of Russell, Moore, and Wittgenstein; logical positivism and logical atomism; recent Anglo-American philosophical analysis. P: Philosophical Ideas course.

PHL 475. Multiculturalism: History, Philosophy, Literature, and Education. 3 credits.

An intensive examination of the theory (and practice) of multiculturalism, this course will consider historical, philosophical, literary, and educational perspectives on the encounter between different cultures, and their relevance for the contemporary world. P: Philosophical Ideas course.

PHL 479. The Philosophy of Love and Sex. 3 credits.

A philosophical investigation of the nature of love, the different kinds of love, the relationship between love and beauty, and between love and sex. P: Philosophical Ideas course.

PHL 480. Philosophical Classics. 3 credits.

An intensive examination and comparison of two major texts in the history of philosophy-for example, Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics and Spinoza's Ethics; or Plato's Republic and Rousseau's political writings. May be repeated to a limit of six hours. P: Philosophical Ideas course.

PHL 481. A Major Philosopher. 3 credits.

An intensive examination of the work of one major philosopher. Examples might include Aristotle, Hume, Spinoza, or Kant. May be repeated to a limit of six hours. P: Philosophical Ideas course.

PHL 482. Race In America: Idea And Reality. 3 credits. (Same as AMS 482, BKS 482, HIS 482, PLS 482)

An examination of the idea and reality of race during key phases of U.S. history, with an emphasis on the contemporary situation. To understand the multiple meanings and experiences of race, the course draws on sources from science, literature, law, and philosophy. P: Philosophical Ideas course.

PHL 492. Senior Seminar. 3 credits. SP

Required seminar for all graduating philosophy majors. Examination of a variety of significant topics and texts in contemporary philosophy. Emphasis on discussion, short writing assignments and seminar presentations on authors such as James, Moore, Heidegger, Maritain Wittgenstein, Quine, Foucault, Nagel, McDowell, and Korsgaard. P: Oral Communication course; Contemporary Composition course; Sr. stdg; PHL major.

PHL 493. Directed Independent Research. 0-4 credits.

Subject matter and method to be worked out individually. May be repeated to a limit of six credit hours. P: Philosophical Ideas course.

PHL 495. Directed Independent Study. 1-4 credits.

Projects on philosophical issues or problems that are not primarily carried out through directed readings. May be repeated to a limit of six credit hours. P: Philosophical Ideas course; IC.

PHL 497. Directed Independent Research. 0-4 credits.

Research into a philosophical topic chosen by the student and pursued under the supervision of a member of the philosophy faculty. P: IC.

PHL 593. Advanced Readings In Philosophy. 1-4 credits.

Independent readings course worked out individually for the student. May be repeated to a limit of six hours. P: PHL major and IC.

PHL 597. Advanced Independent Research. 1-4 credits.

Either and individual research project designed by a student and mentored by a faculty member or a collaborative research project mentored by a faculty member in which the student plays a special leadership role. P: PHL 497.